Portia in Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice and...

Portia in Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice and Abigail of Marlowes the Jew of Malta Portia and Abigail are two characters with very different values. Portia in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice remained true to her religion, and her father’s wishes throughout the play. Abigail, on the other hand, changed religions and disobeyed her father. However, the writers used these two women to make similar statements about religion. Portia represented the quintessential Christian. Abigail of Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta, was more of an ethically ambiguous character, but it can still be argued that she was the most principled character in the play. Both Shakespeare and Marlowe used the daughter character to represent the ideal human†¦show more content†¦Already Portia clearly puts her sense of duty ahead of her desires, as a good Christian should. Later, in the trial scene, Portia again showed her love of the law, but attempted to use the law with mercy. She gave Shylock a choice as she judged the trial. She said he may choose either to be merciful to Antonio or the court would abide by the law- word for word. Shylock did not accept her offer because he felt that he was entitled to the justice of the law. Portia would never have broken the law, but she was able to find a way to use it to her advantage. â€Å"This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood; The words expressly are ‘a pound of flesh,’† (Merchant of Venice, IV.i.306-307). Portia found the loophole in the bond that none of the other characters could see. It was a triumphant moment for her because she was able to release Antonio from his debt while still being utterly just and fair. â€Å"He shall have justice and his bond,† she explained to the court (Merchant of Venice, IV.i.339). She is was the same time more lenient and s tricter to the letter of the law than Shylock and defeated him on his own terms as well as by Christian terms. When she offered Shylock a chance to be merciful before she used the full extent of the law against him, Shakespeare’s audience would have seen that as evidence ofShow MoreRelated Father-Daughter Relationships in Sidney’s The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia, Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta, and Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice3187 Words   |  13 PagesFather-Daughter Relationships in Sidney’s The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia, Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta, and Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice Justification for the subjugation of females to males during the sixteenth century came from a variety of sources. Ranging from the view that God gave Adam authority over Eve as penalty for the fall, to a belief in the superiority of a husbands’ physical strength over that of his wife, attempts at rationalization of the restricted freedom of women

Integration Free Essays

string(665) " com EXERCISE A 1\) 2\) 3\) 4\) 5\) 6\) 7\) 8\) x \? 2 x \? 10 x \? c 3 2 SPM QUESTIONS 1\) y \? x2 \? 2x \? 7 2\) y \? x3 \? 3 x 2 \? 10 3\) p \? 3, y \? x3 \? 2 x 2 \? 4 x4 \? x3 \? 3x \? c 2 4 3 1 x \? 4x \? \? c 3 x 4 2 x x 1 \? \? 3 \? 2x \? c 2 2 x 6 5 \? \? 2 x 2x 2 x 2 \? \?c 4 x 1 2 x3 \? 3 \? c x 2 x \? 2x \? c 2 ASSESSMENT 1\) \(a \) x 4 \? 3 2 x \? 2x \? c 2 2 3 \(b\) 3x \? \? 2 \? c x x 6 x 1 \(c \) \? \?c 9 24 x 4 x3 9 \(d \) \? 6x \? \? c 3 x y \? x4 \? 2 x2 \? 8 p\? 7 8 2 3 3 2 x \? x \? x 3 2 2 3 x \? 2 3 EXERCISE B 1\) y \? 3x 2 \? 2 x \? 1 3 x 2 24 \? 2 \? 2 2 x 2\) 2\) y \? 2 x 2 \? x \? 3 3\) y \? 3\) 4\) y\? 5\) y\? http://mathsmozac\." http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS FORM 5 MODULE 4 INTEGRATION http://mathsmozac. We will write a custom essay sample on Integration or any similar topic only for you Order Now blogspot. com http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com CHAPTER 3 : INTEGRATION Content Concept Map page 2 3–4 5 6 7 8–9 10 – 11 12 4. 1 Integration of Algebraic Functions Exercise A 4. 2 The Equation of a Curve from Functions of Gradients. Exercise B SPM Question Assessment Answer http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 1 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com Indefinite Integral a) o o a x n a dx = ax + c. xn+ 1 + c. n+ 1 b) x n dx = c ) o d x = a o x n d x = a n x + n + 1 1 + c . Integration of Algebraic Functions ) ) The [f (x)  ± g(x) ]dx = o f (x) dx  ± d o Equation of a Curve from Functions of Gradients o g(x)dx y = y = o f ‘( x ) d x c, f (x) + http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 2 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com INTEGRATION 1. Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. dy 2. If y is a function of x and = f ‘( x) then o f ‘( x)dx = y + c, c = constant. dx If dy = f ( x ), then dx o f ( x)dx = y 4. 1. Integration of Algebraic Functions Indefinit e Integral a) b) o o a dx = ax + c. n a and c are constants xn+ 1 x dx = + c. n+ 1 n c is constant, n is an integer and n ? – c) o ax dx = a o ax n + 1 x dx = + c. n+ 1 n and c are constants n is an d) o [f ( x )  ± g ( x ) ]dx = o f ( x) dx  ± o g ( x)dx http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 3 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com Find the indefinite integral for each of the following. a ) ? 5dx b) ? x 3 dx c) ? 2 x dx 5 d) ? ( x ? 3x 2 )dx Always remember to include ‘+c’ in your answers of indefinite integrals. Solution : a) ? 5dx ? 5x ? c b) 3 ? x dx ? x3? 1 ? c 3 ? 1 x4 = ? c 4 2 c) 5 ? 2 x dx ? 2 x5? 1 ? c 5 ? 1 2 x6 = ? c 6 1 = x6 ? c 3 d) ? ( x ? 3x )dx ? ? xdx ? ? 3x 2 dx = x 2 3 x3 ? ?c 2 3 x2 = ? x3 ? c 2 Find the indefinite integral for each of the following. a) ? ? x ? 3x ? dx 2 x 4 b) ?x ? x 2 4 ? ? ? 3 ? ? dx x ? ? a) Solution : x ? 3Ãâ€"2 ? ? x 4 ?dx ? ? x 3Ãâ€"2 ? ? ? x4 ? x4 ? dx ? ? b) 2 4? ? ? 2 4? ? 3 ? 4 ? dx = ? ? 3x ? 2 ? dx x ? x ? ? ? = ? 3à â€"2 ? 4 x ? 2 dx ? x ? 1 ? 3x 3 = ? 4? c 3 ? ?1 ? 4 = x3 ? ? c x ? ? x? 3 ? 3x? 2 dx ? x? 1 ? x? 2 = ? 3? c ? 2 ? ?1 ? 1 3 =? 2 ? ?c 2x x ? ? ? ? http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 4 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. Find ? ? 3x 2 ? 4 x ? 10 dx. ? [3m] 2. Find ? ? x 2 ? 1 ? 2 x ? 3 ? dx. ? [3m] 1? ? 3. Find ? ? 2 x ? ? dx. x? ? 2 [3m] 4. Find ? ? 2x ? ? 3 ?x? 3 ? ? 2 ? dx. 4 x ? [3m] 6x ? 5 5. Integrate with respect to x. x3 [3m] 6. Find ? ?x 5 ? 4Ãâ€"2 2x 4 ? dx [3m] 3 ? ? 7. Find ? x ? 6 ? 6 ? x . x ? ? 2 [3m] 8. Integrate x 2 ? 3x ? 2 with respect to x. x ? 1 [3m] http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 5 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com The Equation of a Curve from Functions of Gradients dy ? f ‘( x), then the equation of the curve is dx If the gradient function of the curve is y ? ? f ‘( x ) dx c is constant. y ? f ( x) ? c, Find the equation of the curve that has the gradient function 3x ? 2 and passes through the point (2, ? 3). Solution The gradient function is 3x ? 2. dy ? 3x ? 2 dx y ? ? (3x ? 2)dx y? 3Ãâ€"2 ? 2x ? c 2 The curve passes through the point (2, ? 3). Thus, x = 2, y = ? 3. 3(2) 2 ? 3 ? ? 2x ? c 2 ? 3 ? 6 ? 4 ? c c ? 5 Hence, the equation of curve is y? 3x 2 ? 2x ? 5 2 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 6 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. Given that dy ? 6 x ? 2 , express y in terms of x if y = 9 when x = 2. dx 2. Given the gradient function of a curve is 4x ? 1. Find the equation of the curve if it passes through the point (? 1, 6). 3. The gradient function of a curve is given by dy 48 ? kx ? 3 , where k is a constant. dx x Given that the tangent to the curve at the point (-2, 14) is parallel to the x-axis, find the equation of the curve. http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 7 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2003- Paper 2 :Question 3 (a) Given that y ? 2 x ? 2 and y = 6 when x = ? 1, find y in terms of x. dx [3 marks] SPM 2004- Paper 2 :Question 5(a) The gradient function of a curve which passes through A(1, ? 12) is 3 x 2 ? 6 x. Find the equation of the curve. [3 marks] http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 8 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2005- Paper 2 :Question 2 A curve has a gradient function px 2 ? 4 x , where p is a constant. The tangent to the curve at the point (1, 3) is parallel to the straight line y + x ? 5 =0. Find (a) the value of p, [3 marks] (b) the equation of the curve. [3 marks] http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 9 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. Find the indefinite integral for each of the following. (a) ? ? 4x 3 ? 3 x ? 2 dx ? (b) 3? x ? ? 2 2 ? 6? ? dx x3 ? 1 ? 2 ( c) (c) ? ? x 5 + 5 6x ? 3 ? ? dx ? ? x2 ? 3 (d) ? ? ? x2 ? ? ? 2 ? ? dx ? ? 2. If dy ? 4 x3 ? 4 x, and y = 0 when x = 2, find y in terms of x. dx http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 10 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. If dp v3 ? 2v ? , and p = 0 when v = 0, find the value of p when v = 1. dv 2 4. Find the equation of the curve with gradient 2 x 2 ? 3 x ? 1, which passes through the origin. 5. d2y dy dy Given that ? 4 x, and that ? 0, y = 2 when x = 0. Find and y in terms 2 dx dx dx of x. http://mathsmozac. blogspot. om 11 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com EXERCISE A 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) x ? 2 x ? 10 x ? c 3 2 SPM QUESTIONS 1) y ? x2 ? 2x ? 7 2) y ? x3 ? 3 x 2 ? 10 3) p ? 3, y ? x3 ? 2 x 2 ? 4 x4 ? x3 ? 3x ? c 2 4 3 1 x ? 4x ? ? c 3 x 4 2 x x 1 ? ? 3 ? 2x ? c 2 2 x 6 5 ? ? 2 x 2x 2 x 2 ? ?c 4 x 1 2 x3 ? 3 ? c x 2 x ? 2x ? c 2 ASSESSMENT 1) (a ) x 4 ? 3 2 x ? 2 x ? c 2 2 3 (b) 3x ? ? 2 ? c x x 6 x 1 (c ) ? ?c 9 24 x 4 x3 9 (d ) ? 6x ? ? c 3 x y ? x4 ? 2 x2 ? 8 p? 7 8 2 3 3 2 x ? x ? x 3 2 2 3 x ? 2 3 EXERCISE B 1) y ? 3x 2 ? 2 x ? 1 3 x 2 24 ? 2 ? 2 2 x 2) 2) y ? 2 x 2 ? x ? 3 3) y ? 3) 4) y? 5) y? http://mathsmozac. You read "Integration" in category "Essay examples" blogspot. com 12 http://sahatmozac. logspot. com ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS FORM 5 MODULE 5 INTEGRATION http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 13 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com CONTENT CONCEPT MAP INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION DEFINITE INTEGRALS EXERCISE A EXERCISE B ASSESSMENT SPM QUESTIOS ANSWERS 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 14 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com CONCEPT MAP INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION un ? ax ? b ? dx ? ? du ? a n DEFINITE INTEGRALS If b d g(x) ? f (x) then dx b where u = ax + b, a and b are constants, n is an integer and n ? -1 OR (a) ? f (x)dx g(x)? ? g(b) ? g(a) a a (b) ? f (x)dx f (x)dx a a b b (c) ? f (x)dx f (x)dx ? ? f (x)dx a b a b c ? a x ? b ? ? ? ax ? b ? dx ? a ? n ? 1? n n ? 1 ? c, where a, b, and c are constants, n is integer and n ? -1 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 15 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION un ? ? ax ? b ? dx ? ? a du n where u = ax + b, a and b are constants, n is an integer and n ? -1 O R ? ax ? b ? ? ? ax ? b ? dx ? a ? n ? 1? n n ? 1 ? c, where a, b, and c are constants, n is integer and n ? -1 Find the indefinite integral for each of the following. (a) ? ? 2 x ? 1? dx 3 (b) ? 4(3 x ? 5)7 dx 2 (c) ? dx (5 x ? 3)3 SOLUTION (a) ? ? 2 x ? 1? dx 3 Let u = 2x +1 du du ? 2 ? dx ? dx 2 3 3 ? du ? ? (2 x ? 1) dx ? ? u ? ? ? ? u3 = ? du 2 u 3 ? 1 = ? c 2(3 ? 1) u4 +c 8 (2 x ? 1) = +c 8 = Substitute 2x+1 and substitute dx with du dx = 2 OR (2 x ? 1) 4 ? c ? (2 x ? 1) dx ? 2(4) 3 = ? 2 x ? 1? 8 4 ?c Substitute u = 2x +1 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 16 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com (b) ? 4(3 x ? 5) dx 7 (c) Let u ? 3 x ? 5 du du ? 3 ? dx ? dx 3 7 4u 7 du ? 4(3 x ? 5) dx ? ? 3 4u 8 = ? c 3(8) u8 ? c 6 (3u ? 5)8 = ? c 6 = 2 dx ? ? 2(5 x ? 3) ? 3 dx (5 x ? 3)3 Let u ? 5 x ? 3 du du ? 5 ? dx ? dx 5 ? 3 2u ? 3 du ? 2(5 x ? 3) dx ? ? 5 2u ? 3 = ? c 5(? 2) ? OR 4(3 x ? 5)8 ? c ? 4(3 x ? 5) dx ? 3(8) 7 u ? 2 ? c ? 5 1 = ? 2 5u 1 =? ?c 5(5 x ? 3)2 = = (3x ? 5)8 ? 6 DEFINITE INTEGRALS If d g ( x) ? f ( x) then dx b (a) (b) ? b a b f ( x)dx ? ? g ( x) ? ? g (b) ? g (a) a ? (c ) ? a b f ( x)dx ? ? ? f ( x)dx a b a f ( x)dx ? ? f ( x)dx ? ? f ( x)dx b a c c http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 17 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com Evaluate each of the following ( x ? 3)( x ? 3) (a) ? 12 dx x4 1 1 (b) ? 0 dx (2 x ? 1) 2 SOLUTION (a) x2 ? 9 2 ( x ? 3)( x ? 3) ? c ? ?12 4 dx ? 1 x4 x 2 9 ? 2? x = ? 1 ? 4 ? 4 ? dx x ? ?x = ? 12 ( x ? 2 ? 9 x ? 4 )dx ? x ? 1 ? x ? 3 ? ? =? ? 9? ? ? 3 ? ?1 ? ?1 2 2 (b) ?0 1 1 1 dx ? ?0 (2 x ? 1)? 2 dx 2 (2 x ? 1) 1 = ? 0 (2 x ? 1) ? 2 dx ? (2 x ? 1) ? 1 ? =? ? ? ?1(2) ? 0 ? 1 = ? ? 2(2 x ? 1) ? 0 =? ? ? 1 1 ? 2[2(1) ? 1] ? 2[2(0) ? 1] ? 1 1 ? 1 3? = ? 3 ? ? x x ? 1 ? 1 3 ? ? 1 3? = ? 3 ? ? 3 ? ? 2 2 ? ? 1 1 ? 1 3 = ? ? ? (? 1 ? 3) 2 8 1 =? ?2 8 1 =? 2 8 1 ? 1? = ? ? 6 ? 2? 1 = 3 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 18 Distributed:18. 1. 09 Return:20. 1. 09 INTEGRATE THE FOLLOWING USING SUBSTITUTION METHOD. (1) ? ( x ? 1)3dx (2) ? ?4 ? 3 x ? 5 ? dx ? 5 (3) ? 1 ? 5 x ? 3? dx 4 1 ? ? (4) ? ? 5 ? x ? dx 2 ? ? ?3 1 ? ? (5) ? 5 ? 4 ? y ? dy 2 ? ? 4 3? 2 ? (6) ? ? 5 ? u ? du 2? 3 ? 5 19 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com EXERCISE B 8 1. Evaluate ? 3 ( x3 ? 4)dx Answer : 1023. 75 2. Evaluate Answer: 3 ? ?3 1 2 x( x ? x ? 5)dx 8 83 96 ?2 ? 3. Integrate ? x ? 5 ? with respect to x ? 3 ? 4 4. Evaluate ? 1 3 1 ? ? ? 2 ? 3x ? 4 ? dx ? 1 x ? ? 1 Answer: 3 ? 2 ? ? x ? 5? ? c 10 ? 3 ? 5 Answer : 3 5. Evaluate ? 3 1 ? 2 x ? 1 2 x ? 1? dx 4 x2 6. Given that of 2 5 ? 5 2 f ( x)dx ? 10 , find the value 5 Answer: 1 6 ? ? 1 ? 2 f ( x)? dx Answer :17 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 20 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com ASSESSMENT ?6 and 2. (a) ? 5(2 ? 3v) dv 4 (b) ? dx 5 3 ? 1 ? 5 x ? 1. Given that ? 2 2 1 f ( x)dx ? 3 ? 2 3 f ( x)dx ? ?7 . Find (a) the value of k if (b) ? ? kx ? f ( x)? dx ? 8 1 ? ? 5 f ( x) ? 1? dx 3 1 Answer : (a) k = (b) 48 22 3 3. Show that d ? x 2 ? 2 x 2 ? 6 x 4. . ? dx ? 3 ? 2 x ? ? 3 ? 2 x ? 2 4 Given that ? 4 0 f ( x)dx ? 3 and Hence, find the value of Answer : 1 10 ? ? 3 ? 2x ? 0 1 x ? x ? 3? ? 0 g ( x)dx ? 5 . Find 4 0 2 dx . ? f ( x)dx ? ? g ( x)dx (b) ? ?3 f ( x) ? g ( x)? dx (a) 0 4 0 4 Answer: (a) – 15 (b) 4 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 21 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM QUESTIONS SPM 2003 – PAPER 1, QUESTION 17 1. Given that ? SPM 2004 – PAPER 1, QUESTION 22 k n dx ? k ? 1 ? x ? ? c , 2. Given that 1 ? 2 x ? 3? dx ? 6 , where k ; -1 , find the value of k. [4 marks] ? 1 ? x ? find the value of k and n [3 marks] Answer: k = 5 5 Answer: k = ? =-3 3 5 4 SPM 2005 – PAPER 1, QUESTION 21 6 6 3. Given that ? 2 f ( x)dx ? 7 and ? 2 (2 f ( x) ? kx)dx ? 10 , find the value of k. Answer: k = 1 4 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 22 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com ANSWERS EXERCISE A 1. 3 ( x + 1)4 + c 2. 60 (3 x +5) – 4 + c 3. ?20 EXERCISE B 1. 1023. 75 ? 5 x ? 3? 3 ?c 2. 3 83 96 5 4. 3? 1 ? ?5 ? x? ? c 2? 2 ? ? y? ?c ? 6 4 ?2 3 ? 2 ? 3. ? x ? 5? ? c 10 ? 3 ? 1 3 5 5. 1 6 6. 17 1 ? 5. ?10 ? 4 ? 2 ? 6. 4. 3 2 ? ? ? 5 ? 5 ? u ? ? c 3 ? ? ASSESSMENT 22 1. (a) k = 3 (b) 48 2. (a) 90(2 – 3v) +c ? 100 (b) (1 ? 5 x) ? 4 ? c 3 3. 1 10 -5 SPM QUESTIONS 1. k = ? 2. k = 5 3. = 1 4 5 3 n=-3 4. (a) – 15 (b) 4 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 23 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE 6 INTEGRATION http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 24 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com CHAPTER 3 : INTEGRATION Content Concept Map 9. 1 Integration as Summation of Areas page 2 3 4–6 7–8 9 – 11 12 – 14 15 Exercise A 9. 2 Integration as Summation of Volumes Exercise B SPM Question Answer http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 25 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com a) The area under a curve which enclosed by x-axis, x = a and x = b is a) The volume generated when a curve is rotated through 360? bout the x-axis is ? ? b a y dx b ) The area under a curve which enclosed by y-axis, y = a and y = b is b a Vx ? ? ? y 2 dx a b x dy b) The volume generated when a curve is rotated through 360? about the y-axis is c) The area enclosed by a curve and a straight line ? ? f ( x) ? g ( x)? dx b a Vy ? ? ? x 2 dy a b http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 26 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. INTEGRATION 3. 1 Integration as Summation of Area y y = f(x) b a a b 0 The area under a curve which enclosed by x = a and x = b is x 0 x y = f(x) ? b a ydx The area under a curve which is enclosed by y = a and y = b is Note : The area is preceded by a negative sign if the region lies below the x – axis. ? b a xdy Note : The area is preceded by a negative sign if the region is to the left of the y – axis. The area enclosed by a curve and a straight line y y = g (x) y = f (x) a The area of the shaded region = = b b x ? ? ? f ( x) ? g ( x)? dx a b a a b f ( x)dx ? ? g ( x) http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 27 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram. y y = x2 – 2x 2. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram. y y = -x2 + 3x+ 4 x -1 0 4 0 x http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 28 http://sahatmozac. logspot. com 3. Find the area of the shaded region y y=2 4. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram. y y = x2 + 4x + 4 0 x = y2 x -2 -1 0 2 x http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 29 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 5. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram y 1 x = y3 – y x 6. y y = ( x – 1)2 0 0 x x=k -1 Given that the area of the shaded region in 28 the diagram above is units2. Find the 3 value of k. http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 30 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. 2 Integration as Summation of Volumes y y=f(x) The volume generated when a curve is rotated through 360? about the x-axis is 0 a b x Vx ? ? ? y 2 dx a b y y=f(x) The volume generated when a curve is rotated through 360? about the y-axis is b a 0 x Vy ? ? ? x 2 dy a b http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 31 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com y y=x(x+1) Find the volume generated when the shaded region is rotated through 360? about the x-axis. x 0 Answer : x=2 ? ? ? y 2 dx 0 2 Volume generated ? ? ? x 2 ? x ? 1? dx 2 2 0 ? ? ? ( x 4 ? 2 x3 ? x 2 )dx 0 2 ? x 5 2 x 4 x3 ? ? ? ? ? 4 3 ? 0 ? 5 2 25 2(2)4 23 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0? 5 4 3? ? 256 1 ? ? @ 17 ? units 3 . 15 15 y y ? 6 ? x2 The figure shows the shaded region that is enclosed by the curve y ? ? x 2 , the x-axis and the y-axis. Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through 360? about y-axis. 0 Answer : Given y ? 6 ? x 2 substitute x ? 0 into y ? 6 ? x Then, y ? 6? 0 y? 6 2 x Volume generated ? ? ? x 2 dy 0 6 ? ? ? ? 6 ? y ? dx 6 0 ? y2 ? ? ? ?6 y ? ? 2 ? 0 ? 62 ? ? 6(6) ? 2 ? 18? units 3 . ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? 6 http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 32 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. y y = x (2 – x) 0 x The above figure shows the shaded region that is enclosed by the curve y = x (2 – x) and x-axis. Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through 360? bout the y-axis. [4 marks] http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 33 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 2. y R (0, 4) Q (3, 4) P (0, 2) y? = 4 (x + 1) 0 x=3 x The figure shows the curve y ? ( x ? 2) 2 . Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through 360? about the x-axis. http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 34 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. y R (0, 4) x y ? ? 3? x 0 x=k The above figure shows part of the curve y ? ? 3 ? x and the straight line x = k. If the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through 1 360? about the x-axis is 12 ? units3 , find the value of k. 2 http://mathsmozac. logspot. com 35 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2003- Paper 2 :Question 9 (b) Diagram 3 shows a curve x ? y 2 ? 1 wh ich intersects the straight line 3 y ? 2 x at point A. y 3 y ? 2x 3y ? 2x x ? y2 ? 1 ?1 0 x Diagram 3 Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is involved 360? about the y-axis. [6 marks] http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 36 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2004- Paper 2 :Question 10 Diagram 5 shows part of the curve y ? y 3 ? 2 x ? 1? 2 which passes through A(1, 3). A(1,3) y? 0 a) b) Diagram 5 3 ? 2 x ? 1? 2 x Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point A. [4 marks] A egion is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the straight lines x=2 and x= 3. i) Find the area of the region. ii) The region is revolved through 360? about the x-axis. Find the volume generated, in terms of ? . [6 marks] http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 37 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2005- Paper 2 :Question 10 In Diagram 4, the straight line PQ is normal to the curve y ? straight line AR is parallel to the y-axis. y x2 ? 1 at A(2, 3). The 2 y? x2 ? 1 2 A(2, 3) 0 R Diagram 4 Fin d (a) (b) (c) Q(k, 0) x the value of k, [3 marks] the area of the shaded region, [4 marks] the volume generated, in terms of ? when the region bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the straight line y = 3 is revolved through 360? about y-axis. [3 marks] http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 38 http://sahatmozac. blogspot. com EXERCISE A EXERCISE B 1. 1 1 ? unit 2 15 1. 1 1 units 2 3 5 units 2 6 2. 2. 20 3 6 ? unit 3 5 k ? ?2 3. 3. 2 2 units 2 3 2 units 2 3 SPM QUESTIONS SPM 2003 Volume Generated ? 52 ? units3 15 4. 24 SPM 2004 i) Area ? 1 units 2 5 49 ? units3 1125 5. 1 units 2 2 k? 4 ii) Volume Generated ? 6. SPM 2005 a) k ? 8 1 b) Area ? 12 units2 3 c) Volume Generated ? 4? units? http://mathsmozac. blogspot. com 39 How to cite Integration, Essay examples

SLR digital camera Essay Example For Students

SLR digital camera Essay On a SLR digital camera it should have a dial that turns the camera on manual, the M setting is when the photographer have complete control unless the camera has preset limitations that doesnt allow it to do certain things. In the M setting it should allow the user to change the shutter speed and the aperture, when taking a picture that one needs to stop all action or time in the picture, it should be shot at a speed of 125 and greater, depending on your subject, to give water its moving effect you would need to shoot the photo of 60 and less to create the effect, while changing these setting you will have to compensate the other settings such as aperture, aperture is the opening of the camera, which controls the amount of light the passes the shutter, by increasing the size more light will come into the camera, having the film more exposed. The aperture is measured by f-stops the higher the f-stops the smaller the opening in which the light goes in, for example f-stop 2. 8 is bigger than 3. 2, the f-stop not only adjust the light coming through, but also the focal point of the image, and helps create a sense of depth in the photo. When taking a picture with depth one wants to see how far you are from the subject the closer the person the wider the aperture, hence a lower f-stop, when you take a picture of a subject far away one you should have a higher f-stop, a smaller aperture/opening. By doing this it will help focus the picture to a certain point, or to focus as much as possible in the scene, to make a sharper image, so that the focusing in the lens can produce a photo with more depth, because it shortens/lengthen the focal area. In most cameras there is a presetting that is called depth of view mode, what that does is that it will chose the best setting to take a picture where everything is in focus. Also in the mode dial, there should be a setting called Av, which is aperture priority, the camera will then adjust its setting around what the user set for the aperture, and how exposed the picture will be, this setting allows the photographer take a picture with the desired f-stop, without having the photographer adjust the shutter for a proper exposure. There is also another setting called Tv, which is shutter priority, where the camera sets its own setting according to the shutter speed that the, user had set, this allows the user to set the desired shutter speed for different effects, while lightening the load of information the user has to take in. In many cameras the setting may have different names because this essay is based on a Canon camera. For most SLR cameras the lenses normal cost way more than the lens, because normal the camera breaks down faster than a normal lenses. So if one decides to replace your old SLR oneyou shwouldd like to find a camera that is compatible with the lenses one already owns. When walking in to a camera shop it is better to walk in blind, ask a lot of questions, and let the salesman show you around, this will see if they know their stuff, did I mention ask a lot of questions? So how does one pick a good lens? In a normal 35mm film format, a 50mm lens would be the equivalent of what your eyes sees and is a 1:1 conversion, but on most digital SLR because of prices, and quality most of the digital SLR have a film conversion of 1. 3x/1. 6x and making a lower mm lens to be more telephoto than it would be than in a normal camera. When looking for a good camera lens one should first look at what kind of connection the camera uses to attach on to theiryour camera, hopefully they are compatible first, and then look for what effects or shots that theyyou want to take. There is no point in doing a portrait shot with a macro or wide angle lens, there are many different kinds of lenses they are ultra wide-angle zoom, standard zoom, telephoto, telephoto zoom, macro, tilt-angle lens, super telephoto etc. Next see if the optics of the lens match the cost and also what you want to be doing with the lens, a 28-70mm lens could have more desirable things than another lens but one might lack. A couple features, such as a special lens coating, or floating aspherical lenses,that one might so you want to see if the lens meets what your expectation, there is nothing worse than getting ripped off of the price. Then of course what should also be a concern is the maximum f-stop of the lens that oneyou would like to get. Reading an Advert EssayIn the golden mean is similar to the rule of third but instead of splitting the photo in to nine equal sections it divides it into it first splits it into nine unequal sections then splitting it with four lines, to use the golden mean is like to use the rule of thirds placing objects of importance in the intersecting areas the 4 secondary lines are used to align other lines to it, such as the line of a street. When taking a photo it is also useful to observe the textures in the photo to create an interesting photo, textures can greatly create depth of a photo. A good example of a good texture is a split piece wood, if shot in at an angle can give good results. The best way of utilizing textures is in black and white photography, because of instead of having colour that emphasizes the saturation or that hues, which can be distracting, black and white emphasizes the textures. In most pictures complexity can be overwhelming, if used in a wrong way, because there might be things in the photo, which could distracts the viewer from the main point of the picture, especially if the picture has more than one subject of interest. Complexity can work both ways, it allows the viewer to be mesmerized instead of just letting a viewer skim past the photo, and a good example of this is machinery where there are a lot of gears. The thing that occurs in photo, which are complex, and not too distracting, all have the trait that the picture has components, which are mutually the same. Simplicity is very important in a picture because it allows the picture to convey the message much more effectively because of the lack in distractions. In simplicity it is best to leave things by them selves instead of bring the whole scene in your picture, say if there is a chapel, and there is also a parking lot, with a telephone booth, it is better to just take a picture of the chapel, and leave the other component for other pictures. The depth of a picture is important to a picture because it adds dimension to a photo instead of having the photo look 2D. You can create depth in many ways having a large aperture that would narrow the amount of the picture that will be focused, by manipulating the things in focus, it will make a more 3D look in the picture. By having a foreground, a midground, and a background, it will make a picture with more depth than just having one or leaving out one of these categories. Lines are just lines until you actually bend them and move them a straight and vertical line is too plain and too normal, but if you bend them, then the sky is the limit. A S curve is pleasant to the eye and combining a S curve with it starting from one side and leading away from the picture, is quite a combination. Usually curved lines are much preferred than straight lines, and having lines leading off to the side is also a good thing to have. Shapes are just lines which are closed, to form a shape. The rule of the lines also applies to shapes, lines that have curves, is better than straight lines. Shapes can be more constructive than lines because of the shapes have more than one way of looking at it. In the modern age of digital cameras, the skill involved in taking a good picture has decreased. But I hope that this essay might have given you an insight to the expansive world of photography. There is a growing number of people that is starting to use a S.L. R. camera because the age of digital camera, letting people take photo without having consequences which was involved in film such as developing and the cost of buying film and developing. This essay was meant to teach you about a camera and how to become a better photographer, but not to go out and buy a new camera, the camera you have now should beis sufficient, its much better to spend more time, and money with your family, a camera is only a camera, its who that takes the picture that counts.

Review of Anatomy of Grey Play Essay Example

Review of Anatomy of Grey Play Essay Anatomy of Grey Play Review I went and saw Anatomy of Gray at Orange Community Play House in Orange, Texas. I went on a a Thursday night and it was performed by the Orange Community Players. The play was ultimately about a town who does not have a doctor. A young woman prays and wishes for a doctor to come to the town because the community was starting to get sick. When the doctor arrives and begins to help everyone but falls in love with the young ladys mother. Everyone in the community starts to get sick and is begining to die. The mother makes the daughter and the doctor leave the town which is the only way to stay alive. The actors in the play were extremely believable. They accomplished this by nailing all of their lines and moevmentsin the performance. The most successful actress was the young women who fell in love with the doctor and eventually moved from the small town to stay alive. The old lady sang really good, I really enjoyed her part in the performance. The actors were listening to each other and were in perfect sync. The director did a great job with the entire show. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Anatomy of Grey Play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Anatomy of Grey Play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Anatomy of Grey Play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All the elements in the show went perfectly with the actors, the sets, and the lighting. The whole stage was used and the performers moved around throughout the entire stage. The pace of the production seemed to be right. I thought it might have dragged out a little but picked up in the secound act. The type of theatre that was used was a picture fame stage. The stage was fairly small but perfect for the production that was being put on. It was a simple theatre with a older look to it. The stage sat directly in front of the audience seating. The play space was also a little small but worked out great for the performance. The production was perfect the way it was setup. The scenery was pretty clever throughout the performance. There was a stack of hay which made me think that it was back in the olden days when they rode horses and medicine did not really exist. It looked real like i was in this old town. It effected the production by allowing the perforers to easily move around and provided enough information for the viewer to understand what was going on. he scenery made me visualise me being with the performers on the stage. The costumes were a little dull but i guess thats how people dressed back in those days. the information that the costumes portrayed helped me understand the performance to the fullest. The costumes really brought out the characters personality and social status. My favorite costume was when the man was in that diaper or the under ware it was quite funny. I thought the lighting was constructed alrig ht and changed on time and really influenced the scene it was trying to portray. Although, I was not very impressed because it seemed like typical lighting you would find in any play. Nothing really stood out or grabbed my attention as much as I feel it should have. I did although enjoy the thunder and lightning and when the man came out with the under ware on. I don’t feel as if it influenced the play as much as it could have. But I still think it was a good job. The goals portrayed by the characters was affectionate, hatred, and love. I felt they all did a good job at what they were suppose to do. Even though i thought that some of the performance was pretty funny. The best character was the older lady she had a dry sense of humor which i absolutely loved. I just felt because the play itself was rather boring, I found it hard to follow and to figure out what was actually going on. I thought the play was good but not great. I found it boring and hard to follow. The characters were good at their job and so was the director. I just thought the plot was slow and hard to follow. It was entertaining in some aspects, it just wasn’t for me. I didn’t have a favorite scene or part of the performance. But as for everyone involved i thought they did a really good job.

Basic English Curriculum for Teaching ESL

Basic English Curriculum for Teaching ESL The following grammar points will provide students with a solid base to build their English speaking and comprehension skills. Specific points are included in notes for the various grammar points. Grammar These are important grammar objectives for basic English courses. Present simple/present continuous (present progressive): Contrast between habits and temporary actions.Past simplePast continuous: Focus on use with the past simple to describe interrupted actions in the past.Present perfect: Focus on the use of present perfect for unfinished time- i.e. the duration form. Focus should also include adverbs commonly used with the present perfect, such as since, for, just, already, and yet.Future with will: Contrast this form with future intentions form- i.e. future with going to.Future with going to: Contrast this form with future predictions form- i.e. future with will.Present continuous (present progressive): Use for future intentions and plans, discuss similarities to future with going to.First conditional (real conditional): Used for probable or realistic situations.Modal verbs of deduction: Use of must be, might be, and cant be in the present.Some or any: Call to attention the irregular use of some in requests and offers.Quantifiers: too, enough, a lot of, a few, much, many (in question and negative forms), and others. Prepositions of place: in front of, opposite, behind, between, across, and other terms.Prepositions of movement: straight on, on your right, past the house, into, out of, and other prepositionsCommon phrasal verbs: get on with, look after, fed up with, put off, make up, and other verbs.Verb and gerund: like doing, enjoy doing, go swimming, etc.Verb and infinitive: hope to do, want to do, manage to do, and other examples.Basic verb and preposition combinations: listen to, arrive at, go through, and other combinations.Comparatives and superlatives: taller than, more beautiful than, as tall as, happier than, the tallest, the most difficult, etc. Listening Skills Listening skills should include the ability to understand and act on basic information in the following situations: Personal information: name, address, telephone number, nationality, etc.Telling timeNumbers: cardinal and ordinalSimple directions and prepositions of placeSpellingSimple descriptions of people and places Vocabulary These are some topics and categories of vocabulary that are important to learn at the beginner stages: Descriptions of people, such as looks, character, and familyFood, drink, and restaurantsLikes and dislikesHome, rooms, furnitureTown and countryShops and shoppingWeatherTime, the seasons, months, weeks, days, and related termsFilms and televisionLeisure and interestsHolidays, travel, and hotels Language Functions Language functions concern chunks of language which provide essential phrases for everyday use. Introductions and Greetings: How do you do? Pleased to meet you. How are you? Asking for Information: How do you spell ____? How do you pronounce? Where is the nearest bank? What does X mean? Offering: Can I help you? Would you like some ____? Requesting: May I have a coffee? Could you help me? Inviting: Would you like to come with me? Suggesting: Shall we go out this evening?Lets have some lunch.Why dont we play some tennis? Asking for Descriptions: What is he like?What does it look like? Buying and Selling: Which size are you?How much does it cost? Asking for Directions: Excuse me, where is the train station?Where is the nearest bank? Giving Advice: You should see a doctor.I think he should work harder.

Cue vs. Queue

Cue vs. Queue Cue vs. Queue Cue vs. Queue By Maeve Maddox The first time I read the following passage, I thought the use of the word queue must be arcane computer science jargon, but when I read it a second time, I realized the spelling queue in this context was just a mistake: This happens to be one of our common gripes: that once the battery is end-of-life, we are pretty much forced to get a replacement unit since the battery takes a  queue  from Apple and is sealed inside the casing. The passage is from a product review. The writer is criticizing the fact that the consumer cannot replace the tool’s battery because, like the batteries in some Apple devices, it’s sealed. The tool’s manufacturers have â€Å"taken their cue† from Apple. Take one’s cue: use someone else’s behavior as a model for one’s own. The mistaken use of queue for cue was a new one for me, so I did a web search to see if this reviewer had company. He has plenty of company. And don’t pounce on the Americans; the misuse is global. I found examples on sites in the U.K., Australia, and Jamaica, as well as in the U.S. and in at least one printed book. Deron is on half speed one game, full speed another game. Everyone else takes their queue from that. Telstra are dead in the water. Hopefully the .au government takes their queue and busts it in half. The populace takes their queue from people of influence who are either silent on the matter†¦[or] are outrightly vocalising their contempt†¦ If the bride and groom are uptight and nervous the whole wedding takes their queue from them.   Cue and queue are both pronounced like the name of the letter Q. Queue, a French borrowing with the literal meaning of â€Å"tail,† is sometimes spelled cue in the context of hair: cue/queue: A long roll or plait of hair worn hanging down behind like a tail, from the head or from a wig; a pigtail. The expression â€Å"to take one’s cue† is from the figurative use of a theatrical term: cue: The concluding word or words of a speech in a play, serving as a signal or direction to another actor to enter, or begin his speech. The OED lists several historical spellings of cue in the sense of an actor’s signal, but the list does not include the spelling queue: kew, ku, quew, q, quue, que, Q, qu, kue. The word is spelled cue in A Midsummer’s Dream (1600); Bottom the Weaver is bossing his fellow actors: Curst be thy stones, for thus deceiuing mee. [deceiving me]. Deceiuing mee is Thisbyes cue: she is to enter now, and I am to spy Her through the wall. In British usage, a queue is a line of people or vehicles waiting to proceed or be served. In computer use, a queue is a list of data items or commands that are attended to in a certain order, such as a queue of documents waiting to be printed. Next time you have occasion to write the expression â€Å"take one’s cue,† take your cue from this article and remember to spell it cue. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?1,462 Basic Plot Types

Astr hw4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astr hw4 - Essay Example With the use of the VLA, the remnant G 1.9 and 0.3 that was small in size exploded while near to the center of the galaxy. The result was a source of a supernova explosion that happened 400 years ago. After a period of twenty two years, another explosion of the remnant occurred. It was a bit larger by 16 percent than the other supernova explosions. With the information it s true that the galaxy is becoming deficient in the production of the supernova in the last years. 2. The theory concerning the origin of water is believed that water was released from the volcanoes that were transformed to be asteroids and meteoroids. In the first theory that is related to the activity of the volcanic. It suggested that the earth had cooled leading to a recombination of the cooled elements. In the elements there existed hydrogen that split to form hydrocarbons of methane, and oxygen. The elements were carried into the air by the magma of hydrogen to create a combination of water droplets. The theory better explains the water accumulated on the surface but it does not explain seventy percent of the water sources. The second theory explains more claiming water to be formed by comets of earth-grazing. On the surface of the universe there exist water molecules at the nebulae. On the same note, water found at the universe is not the same as the one found at sea. The comets water has got deuterium levels (In Nollet & In De, 2013). 3. The snowball earth is a theory that tries to explain one of the coldest climates on earth. This is a planet that is completely covered with the ice that is glacial having a temperature of around -50 degrees. This is because the radiation of the sun connects back to the earth’s space. The evidence for the theory includes the distribution of both the Sturtian and Marinoan globally that form carbon isotope at the seawater. The marine deposits are also connected to the limestone at the surface of the ocean. The presence of the irons and deposits

CISCO Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CISCO Case Study - Research Paper Example 2). This means that dynamism has been the strategic approach of the company and in doing this, it has made the entire globe its platform for operation. Hitherto, Cisco began a right company to include in the Partnership for Lebanon (PFL) when it became necessary to put together five companies to send relief to the country in various ways. If for nothing at all, functions of corporate social responsibility are part of a globalised dynamic strategy and so meet the vision and culture of Cisco squarely. CSR Lessons Reading through the case, there are several key strategic lessons that any senior manager of projects within a company could adapt. The first of this has to do with the use of integration in both the approach and stakeholder base. That is, the Partnership for Lebanon, as the name implies, was undertaken in an integrated or partnership manner. Integration has been found to hold the key to the many failures recorded in project management in terms of effectiveness and efficiency (Nonis & Swift, 2001). This is so because most project managers tend to take up all the task of project implementation and execution or at best include only a few stakeholders. Once this happens, there tend to be inefficiency and ineffectiveness because very little is achieved within a longer time frame and what is achieved is hardly guaranteed of quality. From the manner in which the Partnership for Lebanon was implemented using as many stakeholders and agents as possible, it is important that senior managers always adapt an employee involvement approach when carrying out major projects. In terms of approaches too, it could be seen that as many as five criteria were set for the implementation and running of the development program. In light of this, senior managers are admonished to always have a backup strategy that they can fall on in case substantive strategies fail. Alternatively, they may choose to use many strategies at a go so the weaknesses of some of the strategies will be overshadowed by the strengths of others. The second lesson that can be learned in terms of implementation and running of development programs has to do with the implementation approach adapted by the stakeholders. Indeed, not only did the stakeholders have a differentiating approach that was made up of several different strategies. What is more, the approach that was adapted when implementing the strategies gives a strong signal to senior managers. The implementation approach is what could be referred to as the spiral implementation approach. In such spiral implementation approach, the strategies or tasks in implementation are prioritized. The prioritization is made to move from the less complex to the most complex. Complexity could be defined in terms of cost, urgency, relevance and resource demand. In whatever the case, the ones that demand less are first implemented before jumping on to the ones that demand more (Norberg, 2000). In the present case, we read about stakeholders of the project at the April 2007 conference in Paris, deciding on the immediate priorities to

Free

Free Will and Schopenhauer Essay Free will is considered as having the ability to choose a course of action solely based on one’s character. Immanuel Kant argues that humans have free will and act accordingly, while Arthur Shopenhauer suggests that humans are delusional and desire to have free will, yet they are lead by laws of nature and motives only. Perceiving ourselves as acting with free will is just to satisfy the metaphysical requirement on being responsible for ones action. Free will is a phenomenon that does not exist; what is perceived to be free will is causes that we act upon and motives that drive us to do so. Every single action needs a cause to act upon. .Kant connects free will with morality and implies that morality lies within reason. He does not really explain free will but only refutes objections against it by stating that we are free by knowing we have duties. His argument suggests that even though we have morals we can always act immorally, by having the ability to act otherwise we have free will. Shopenhauer’s water example proves otherwise. â€Å"This is exactly as if water spoke to itself: â€Å"I can make high waves (yes in the sea during a storm), I can rush down hill (yes! in the river bed), I can plunge down foaming and gushing (yes! In the waterfall), I can rise freely as a stream of water in the air (yes! In the fountain) I can, finally, boil away and disappear (yes! At a certain temperature); but I am voluntarily remaining quiet and clear in the reflecting pond. † This example is deterministic and proves that in order for the water to do all those things, it needs a cause to act upon. Just as a man must have a cause that pushes him forward in order to act accordingly. The man needs a motive that will act as a cause. The causal determinism proposes that all future events are necessitated by past and present events combined by laws of nature. It is not a man’s free will that makes him act morally, but rather, it is the motives that make him act in any particular way. Kant would argue that acting morally has absolute worth because by acting morally, we engage in a higher order of existence. Schopenhauer gives the example of a man who gets out from work and evaluates his options which he thinks he can freely choose from. That man decides to go home to his wife. He thinks he made this choice freely but actually it is because the motive of going home was greater than the other options. If Schopenhauer was to challenge him to say ‘that was expected of you being the boring man that you are’, and he went to the theater with him instead, this would still not mean he has free will. It only means that his motives have changed because there is a different cause. Schopenhauer’s comment causes him to act defying manner. If this man had a more passive character, he might have still gone home to his wife. Causes would have affected him in different ways and he would have had different motives. Being responsible of our actions is demanded from us by the society; when we act accordingly it is because the society’s expectations cause us to act responsibly. Kant argues that as rational beings, we should consciously and freely choose the responsible thing to do because it is the laws we choose to obey that make us free. Schopenhauer would argue that the only reason we obey rules and act responsibly is because our motives drive us to that direction. If our motives were to conflict with the rules, we would stop being responsible. If men actually had free will that leads them to act responsibly, we would not be able to explain murder, theft or any illegal action that harms the society. When the murderer, the thief or the criminal perform their actions, it is because their motives are conflicting with the rules society set. Humans are subject to law of nature, without a cause, there is no effect; therefore we have no free will. According to Kant, one should act as if the maxim of one’s action were to become, a universal law of nature through one’s will. By stating that, Kant is actually making the law of nature subject to human free will, putting the effect before the cause. Schopenhauer presents an argument which explains why man are subject to law of nature: â€Å"For man, like all objects of experience, is a phenomenon in time and space, and since the law of causality holds for all such a priori and consequently without exception, he too must be a subject to it. † This suggests that we are experiencing the same causalities as every other being does, yet we are blind to see what is obvious. There are too many causes that affect men, which is why we get delusional while recognizing the causes. Both Kant and Schopenhauer use the billiard balls example to illustrate the relation between cause and effect. Kant states that we are not like billiard balls because we have the ability to make our own choices as rational beings. Whereas Schopenhauer suggests that we are like the more complex version of the billiard balls: we will only move if we are hit. We differ from billiard balls not because we have reason, but because we are so constantly hit that we stop perceiving the causes. Every single component in life cause our motives to shape in certain ways which is why it is so hard to recognize the causes we act upon. All our actions can be reduced to motives we have in order to satisfy our ultimate purpose: to live and to create life. Eventually we are ranned by simple motives such as maintaining our successive continuity of existence, reproduction or protection. Even a man who is about to commit suicide will pull his hand away if he accidentally touches a hot iron. His reflex will send faster signals to his brain before he can even acknowledge it. He would have no free will over that action; it would purely be him obeying the law of nature without even thinking about it. As subjects to law of nature, the decisions we make in our daily lives are mostly caused by the motives to find the best mate possible to create the best off spring. We do not necessarily recognize it, but even the most trivial choices we make, like the desire to drive a fancy car over a cheaper one, is not an act of free will. By doing so, just like a peacock showing his feathers, we are unconsciously lead by motives that push us into a certain direction which will make us more desirable as a mate. We want to be accepted by the society for the same reasons, being a part of a community provides a protection and opportunity to reproduce. The reason why a rich man would help the poor, or join a country club is not because he has free will that makes him morally responsible, or that he enjoys playing golf, but it is because that will make him more respected and better accepted by the society which he wants to belong. Our reflexes, hormones, neurons, our DNA and the causes that act on us condition the decisions we make. We choose to believe that we have free will because it makes us feel as if we have control on our life. As the biologist Lynn Margulis defines â€Å"Life is the strange fruit of individuals evolved by symbiosis. Swimming, conjugating, bargaining and dominating, bacteria living in intimate associations during the Proterozoic gave rise to myriad chimeras, mixed beings, of which we represent a tiny fraction of an expanding progeny. Through corporeal mergers disparate beings invented meiotic sex, programmed death, and complex multicellularity. Life is an extension of being into the next generation, the next species. † Nothing makes us any different than the bacteria, other than being more complex, that solely acted on their instincts. The only difference is the equation that determines our actions have many variables, whereas it was much fewer in prokaryotes. If we are able to understand that the simplest forms of life were acting upon the basic motives and no free will, we should be able to perceive that our actions are not different. The chemical distribution of our DNA will cause us to have an essence, which will determine our motives and actions under different circumstances. As the being gets more complex, the cause and effect relation will be harder to observe but still, there will not be free will.

The Harlem Renaissance Essay -- essays research papers fc

HARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, the Harlem Renaissance forever left a mark on the evolution of the black culture. The Harlem Renaissance found its birth in the early 1920’s, in Harlem, New York. The period has been thought of as one of African Americans greatest times in writing. After War World I in 1918, African Americans were faced with one of the lowest points in history since the end of slavery. Poverty increased greatly in the South, as did the number of lynchings. The fear of race riots in the South caused large number of African Americans to move North between 1919 and 1926, to cities such as Chicago and Washington D.C. The idea that an educated black person should lead blacks to liberation was first founded from the works of W.E.B. DuBois. He also believed that blacks could not gain social equality by imitating the ideas of white people. Equality would have to be achieved by teaching black racial pride with an emphasis on black cultural heritage. The Cultural Revolution began as a series of literacy discussions in bars and coffee shops of lower Manhattan (Greenwich Village) and (Upper Manhattan) Harlem. Jean Toomer did one of the first and highly praised works. This would be Toomer’s only contribution to a time that he would later reject. Toomer is also known for his exquisite poetry like; Cotton Song, Evening Song, Georgia Dusk and Reapers. Jane Weldon Johnson had written the controversial â€Å"Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man† in 1924 and he had also edited â€Å" The Book of American Negro Poetry.† This collection included many of the Renaissance’s most talented poets. Included was Claude McKay, a Jamaican born writer. Weldon’s collection also included a young talented poet named Langston Hughes. Hughes had a love for music, mainly the blues, which became a bridge between African American Literature and Folk music. Zora Neale Hurston, an anthropologist originally... ... Furthermore, with that knowledge going on to have racial esteem, to do great things and influence others, thus making a mark on the world. The Harlem Renaissance taught future artist to look at art from an all-encompassing view. It knocked down barriers between literary and musical expression. The Renaissance added a new chapter in American History. A chapter that would highlight the African American thoughts and feelings as well as display their many talents. Bibliography Huggins, Nathan Irvin. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press.1971. Lewis, David Levering. When Harlem was in vogue. New York: Oxford University Press.1979. Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 9: Harlem Renaissance - An Introduction." PAL: perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. URL: http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/9intro.html, 1999. Roses, Lorraine E. Harlem Renaissance and Beyond: Literary Biographies of 100 Black women Writers, 1900-1945. Boston: Gik. Hall, 1990. Tate, Claudia. Domestic allegories of political desire: The black heroine's text at the turn of the century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

The Wholefoods Company

At the wholefoods company most entry level employees make $10. 86 on average. This averages out to about 21,000 a year. This may not seem to be a very comparable pay scale, but their benefits out ways the pay. With a very extensive benefits package wholefoods has effectively been able to entice workers to be a part of the company. The company offers medical, dental, 401k, personal wellness account, health care reimbursement, dependent care reimbursement, life insurance, disability insurance, team member stock option plan, team member stock purchase plan, team member discounts, team member emergency sharing account, and gain sharing.Having all of these benefits outweighs the pay scale for most employees. They give good raises when promoting in the company as well. Most raise within the company are close to 1. 5%. The goal of employees in wholefoods would be to work their way up the chain of command to make more money. Store team leads within this company on average make $60, 171 a yea r. There are many other team lead positions within the organization that all pay close to $14 an hour. Being that there is a team lead position for each department of whole foods there is room for improvement and growth within the company.Wholefoods can turn into a career for any hard working employee. One purposed change that the company could make to their pay structure to increase their marketability to the workforce could to be to increase the raise percentage from 1. 5% annually to 3% annually depending upon productivity. Make the raise structure be based of productivity the more productive employees will earn 3% rises whereas the non-productive employees only get 1%. This change can also prove beneficial to the company as a motivation tool. (Whole foods market, pay scale and benefits ,2013)

Othello, the Moor of Venice

Iago (Othellos ensign) uses love against Othello (general of the Venetian army) to cause him to experience jealousy. He not only utilizes the Moors love for Desdemona, but also his love for Iago and their friendship My lord, you know I love you(1. 3. 117) Funny enough, Iago gives warning to Othello of the very negative emotion that he hopes to inflict upon him! (1. 3. 166). Oh beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-eyd monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on The first time that Iagos plan is seen is (3. 3. 33). Iago: Ha! I like not that! Othello: What dost thou say Iago: Nothing my lord: or if-Know not what. Othello: Was not that Cassio parted from my wife Iago: Cassio, my lord! No, sure, I cannot think it, that would steal away so guilty-like, seeing you coming. He continues his manipulating of his friend (3. 3. 95). Iago: Did Michael Cassio, when you wood my lady, know of your love Othello: He did, from first too last: why dost thou ask Iago: But for a satisfaction of my thought; no further harm. Othello: Why of thy thought, Iago Iago: I did not think he had been aquatinted with her. Othello: O, yes; and went between us very oft. See how he makes it almost seem as though Othello discovered this out on his own and Iago seems as a mere friend when the find is made. Iagos true nature is seen at this point. Iago refers to himself as a devil, but to say that he is bad because he is bad doesnt explain why he is repeatedly explains himself to himself. Your honest friend is one who is always there for you and who will always tell you the truth. Iago has a reputation for honesty and uses it for dishonest purposes. His nature is ugly in the way that compares others to animals, especially when referring to their sexuality. Othello is a military man who is often looked at with respect in this category. However, when taken away from the military eye where he offers so much safety, he is constantly mentioned by his color in a degrading way. Brabantio, Desdemonas father uses Moor as a derogatory name for Othello, but Othello is called other things, including my lord and general.. After the first two scenes of the play, Othellos color is rarely mentioned, so we may forget that when the play is seen Othellos blackness always makes him different from everyone else. Reference to him as the Moor emphasized that difference, but it is emphasized in other ways, as well. He is strong and firm in character but also has a loving side where Desdemona ( Othellos wife, Brabantios daughter) comes into play. He came from a loving mother and father which was mentioned in the importance of the handkerchief In Shakespeares time obedience was though to be one of a womans primary values, and Desdemona thinks herself to be as obedient, but as in the case with her father, she seems to have her own interpretation of what that means. She is beautiful, both in body and spirit. Its not something she mentions, or even seems to be aware of, buy it affects how others treat her and think of her. Desdemona spends much of her time making a case, for herself, for Cassio, and finally for Othello. Iagos devilish character is seen throughout the play. Towards the end of scene two in which Iago brings about Cassios downfall, he persuades Cassio to appeal to Desdemona, and plans to make Othello believe that Caossio and Desdemona are having an affair. Then he says, By the mass, tis morning;Pleasure and action make the hours seem short (2. 3. 378-379). In other words, hes been having so much fun during his busy night, so the time has just flown by. In the last scene of the play, after Iagos treachery has been proven, Othello says to Lodovico, Will you, I pray, demand that demi-devilWhy he hath thus ensnared my soul and body (5. 2. 300-302). Iagos reply is famous. He says, Demand me nothing: what you know, you know:From this time forth I never will speak word. (5. 2. 303-304). Iago is ready and willing to explain himself to Othello,Roderigo, and to us. So then why does he choose to silence himself now Maybe he cant think of another lie. In the characterization of Othello, no one describes him best than his wife and unfortunate victim. In the Venetian Senate, Othello tells the story of how he and Desdemona fell in love. Brabantio urges that Othello used magic and drugs on Desdemona, and that she be brought to testify; he says to her, Do you perceive in all this noble companyWhere most you owe obedience (1. 3. 179-180). In reply, Desdemona affirms her duty to her father, who gave her life and education, but asserts that she has a higher duty to Othello, because he is her husband. She says, My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound for life and education; My life and education both do learn me how to respect you; you are the lord of duty; I am hitherto your daughter: but heres my husband, and so much duty as my mother showd to you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess due to the Moor, my lord. (1. 3. 180-189). Further in the act, she says, My hearts subdued even to the very quality of my lord: Saw Othellos visage in his mind, and to his honor and his valiant parts did I my soul and fortunes consecrate. 1. 3. 250-254). Subdued means in harmony with and Othellos quality is both his character and his profession as a warrior. Desdemona asserting that she is very much like her husband and belongs with him, even in war. She shows tat she understands and rejects the bigotry that is directed at him. A persons visage is his face, and she understands that most Europeans consider black to be ugly, but she saw past his face to his honor and courage, which she adores. Her charter is well described here as beautiful both inside and out.

There are far too many (women) who are discriminated against and far too many employers who are using every single legal argument and loophole to dodge their obligations under equal pay law The WritePass Journal

There are far too many (women) who are discriminated against and far too many employers who are using every single legal argument and loophole to dodge their obligations under equal pay law Introduction There are far too many (women) who are discriminated against and far too many employers who are using every single legal argument and loophole to dodge their obligations under equal pay law [5], where the Inner House of the Court overturned the previous decision of the EAT that had previously argued that the terminology â€Å"establishment† could have a broad meaning. Instead, the Inner House restricted this substantially by saying that the comparator had to work at an establishment that was largely in the same geographical area. An employee looking to claim that they are being paid less will also need to find a comparator who is broadly employed on common terms (as stated in Section 1(6) of the 1970 Act and restated in EqA). For example, in the case of Leverton (1989)[6], it was possible for female nursery nurses to argue that they were being paid less than their comparators who were male clerical staff. All staff had a â€Å"purple book† of terms and conditions and this was sufficient to argue that they had common terms. Finally, there is the time frame over which the comparator has worked, with the ability of the claimant to look at a predecessor but not a successor. This was supported by the case of Walton, 2008[7], where it was held that a successor could not be used, as this would require the courts to hypothesise as to whether the comparator would have been treated differently, had they been employed at the same time. This is based on the argument that by looking into the future this would be hypothetical situation and impossible to consider how the employer would act in the future. It can therefore be seen that there are multiple issues involved in locating a comparator, which can potentially make it easier for an employer to escape their obligations and to allow them to look at ways of paying female employees less, either directly or indirectly, or at the very least making the matter difficult for an employee to prove, in the absence of an obvious and exact comparator. Material Justification Another area which presents a real opportunity for the employer to look at escaping liability is the use of the material factor defence contained in both the EqA and the 1970 Act. This defence allows an employer to pay an employee less than a comparator for whom they would otherwise be required to ensure equal pay, due to some non-discriminatory reason. There is non- specific requirement to deal with the notion of material defence, after the issue of equal pay has been discussed and it may be that the tribunal will in fact consider the material justification defence, at the outset, when looking at whether the jobs were of equal value[8]. The material factor defence is dealt with in Section 1(3) of the 1970 Act, where it is stated that the employer would have a defence, if they could show that the difference in salary â€Å"is genuinely due to a material factor which is not the difference of sex. This is a genuine requirement and allows for employers to have a distinction between pay where it is required for the business need. An employer can show that they have a material factor defence where they can prove the following. Firstly that the explanation is genuine, secondly that the reason for less favourable treatment was down to that explanation, thirdly that the reason was not considered to be the difference of sex and finally that the reason is a significant and relevant difference between the man and woman in the instance[9].   When looking at the genuineness of the situation, the House of Lords stated in Bury Metropolitan Council that tribunals should not become too concerned over the issue of genuineness and should instead simply look at the facts surrounding the situation[10]. In this case, it was also stated that the difference will only be a sham, if it â€Å"has been deliberately fabricated in order to present things otherwise than as they are. Crucially, it is also necessary for the factor to be material meaning, in accordance with Rainey, 1987, where the difference is significant and relevant, but this could be with reference to external factors, such as the market and not necessarily simply down to the skills and knowledge of the individuals in question[11]. When it comes to material justification, the burden of proof shifts from party to party in such a way that offers a real opportunity for the employer to escape liability. Once the employee has shown that there is a prima facie case for an equal pay claim, the employer then has the burden of showing a material factor defence, before the burden then travelling back to the employee to show that this was not genuine or in error in some way. For example, it may be argued, as was the case in Cooksey and Others (2011)[12], that the use of an on call allowance had the impact of men getting paid more than women, due to men being typically more available to undertake such work; this was sufficient to constitute a material factor defence and the case was allowed, with the employer being culpable. Conclusion It is concluded here that the original statement made that employers have been able to use legal argument and loopholes as a key way of escaping liability under the equal pay legislation is not merely a theoretical argument, but one that is supported and shown time and time again through the tribunals and court system. It is argued here that by just looking at the area of identifying a comparator and the area of a material factor defence, there is a multitude of complexities that can be used by the employer to evade liability. This area needs to be revisited carefully, if there is to be sufficient protection offered to women, in the future. As it stands, all but the most obvious of discriminatory scenarios are likely to evade the full extent of the legislation and this matter requires review, as a matter of urgency. Practicality is such that there are a variety of factors which may lead to a discrepancy of pay yet this needs to be addressed to ensure that any differences are material ly justifiable and are appropriate in all circumstances so as to reduce the overall pay gap as far as possible. Bibliography Bury Metropolitan Borough Council v Hamilton and other cases [2011] IRLR 358 City of Edinburgh Council v Wilkinson and others [2012] IRLR 202, Cooksey and Others v Trafford Borough Council and others UKEAT/0255/11 Equality Act 2010 Equal Pay Act 1970 Forex Neptune (Overseas) Ltd v Miller [1987] ICR 170, Glasgow City Council v Marshall [2000] ICR 196 (HL) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Leverton v Clwyd County Council [1989] IRLR 28 (HL). Macarthys Ltd v Smith [1980] IRLR 210 Prentis D, Unison. 2013. commenting on North and ors v Dumfries and Galloway Council 2013 SC 45 Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] ICR 129 Walton Centre for Neurology Neuro Surgery NHS Trust v Bewley [2008] IRLR 588

A Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde

A Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde Essay Oscar Wilde, author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, makes Basils life change drastically by having him paint a portrait of Dorian Gray and express too much of himself in it, which, in Wildes mind, is a troublesome obstacle to circumvent. Wilde believes that the artist should not portray any of himself in his work, so when Basil does this, it is he who creates his own downfall, not Dorian. Wilde introduces Basil to Dorian when Basil begins to notice Dorian staring at him at a party. Basil suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at . turned halfway around and saw Dorian Gray for the first time Wilde 24. Basil immediately notices him, however Basil is afraid to talk to him. His reason for this is that he does not want any external influence in life Wilde 24. This is almost a paradox in that it is eventually his own internal influence that destroys him. Wilde does this many times throughout the book. He loved using paradoxes and that is why Lord Henry, the character most similar to Wilde, is quoted as being called Price Paradox. Although Dorian and Basil end up hating each other, they do enjoy meeting each other for the first time. Basil finds something different about Dorian. He sees him in a different way than he sees other men. Dorian is not only beautiful to Basil, but he is also gentle and kind. This is when Basil falls in love with him and begins to pai nt the picture. Basil begins painting the picture, but does not tell anyone about it, including Dorian, because he knows that there is too much of himself in it. Lord Henry discovers the painting and asks Basil why he will not display it. Lord Henry thinks that it is so beautiful it should be displayed in a museum. Basil argues that the reason he will not display the painting is because he is afraid that has shown in it the secret of his soul Wilde 23. This is another paradox because he has not only shown the secret of his soul, but the painting eventually comes to show the secret of Dorians soul also. In the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde explains that to reveal art and conceal the artist is arts aim Wilde 17. Basil realizes that he has not concealed himself in the painting and therefore feels the painting is not worth anything. After Lord Henry sees the painting, he asks to meet Dorian. Basil says that would not be good because his influence would be bad Wilde 31. Basil is correct in saying this because Lord Henry is the main person who helps Dorian to destroy himself. Lord Henry disregards Basils request and meets Dorian anyway. This is the beginning of the end for both Dorian and Basil because Lord Henrys influence pollutes Dorian. Lord Henry taunts Dorian and continues to remind him of all the sin that is building up  and that even though his body is not aging, his soul is deteriorating fast. When Basil notices that Dorian has not changed physically in many years, he is curious to know how Dorian stayed beautiful, but also wants to know why Dorian has changed so much emotionally. Basil does not have the painting on display, but rather keeps it in the attic. When Dorian comes over one day, he and Basil are talking when Basil asks, I wonder do I know you? Before I could answer that, I should have to see your soul. Wilde 216 Dorian goes into a rage and takes Basil upstairs to see his soul which is concealed in the painting. When Basil sees the painting which is bloody and atrocious looking, he cannot believe that he painted it. Dorian reassures him that it is indeed Basils painting. In that painting is all of Dorians hate, fear, and sadness reduced onto a canvass. READ: The Tempest Epilogue AnalysisWhen Dorian sees the picture, he blames Basil for it and picks up a knife laying on a nearby table and stabs Basil. He then takes the knife and stabs the painting in the heart, killing his soul, and returning the painting to its original form. Wilde constructs this in an interesting way because after Dorian stabs the picture, which is a representation of his soul, Wilde shows Dorian laying on the ground, wrinkled and disgusting, with a knife in his heart. Wilde did this to show that when Dorian stabbed the painting, he was actually stabbing himself. Oscar Wilde first portrays Dorian Gray as a sweet, sensitive man whom everyone admires. When Basil, however, began admiring Dorian, he changed. Lord Henry moved into his life, and the painting showed a form of beauty that he could never be able to achieve again in real life without the help of magic. With this, Dorian conceals his morbid soul with the painting and continues living as beautiful as he ever was, physically, but spiritually he is rotting inside. Wilde creates an animal out of the seemingly perfect man and has him destroy himself and his friends along with him. All of this happened because of the picture of Dorian Gray.

A rhetorical analysis about People Like Us(by David Brooks) Essay

A rhetorical analysis about People Like Us(by David Brooks) - Essay Example This is probably because David Brooks wishes to explain to people about their denial. Throughout this article, David Brooks suggests that people do not accept that they engage in discrimination on a frequent basis (Brooks 1). These people talk about the issue of diversity but they never practice it. For example, the same people who suggest to others that they should appreciate diversity live close to people who resemble them. They live next to people who work in the same places as they do or those who have the same education as they do. David Brooks has a fascinating context for his article because of several reasons. First, David Brooks approaches the issue of diversity from a modernized perspective. He introduces the notion of current neighborhoods in which there can never be diversity. David Brook also admits that he wishes that there would be neighborhoods where people with significant diversity would live together in unity (Brooks 1). David Brooks realizes that he cannot convince his desired audience in an easy manner. He ensures that there are several rhetoric strategies to persuade his desired audience. Brook engages in an intense critic of the existing ideas on diversity. The entire article is a critique of the views, which modern people have on the issues of diversity. For example, Brook blames the nature of all the people who live in the current society. He says that the nature, which these modern people have, encourages them to practice extreme levels of segregation. David Brooks persuades his entire audience that there needs to be less discriminatory cases. This is because Brooks understands the negativity of segregation from his experiences (Brooks 132). David Brooks continues to criticize the ideas on diversity in a strategic manner. In the article "People like Us", Brook mentions some of his personal experiences. The experiences that he mentions in the article clarify certain issues to his audience. For example, readers notice Brooks’

Finance for business decision Speech or Presentation

Finance for business decision - Speech or Presentation Example As such the role of external auditors, regulatory agencies as well as credit rating agencies become critical because they need to highlight the information which may be detrimental for the interests of the shareholders. The overall role of the external monitors therefore should be up to taking care of the fact that the firm reports all the relevant and pertinent information which may have an impact on the decision making ability of the investors. The case of Enron is considered as one of the leading examples where the external monitors of the firm failed to carry out their responsibilities. The Enron was finally liquidated and the investors lost their money owing to the fraudulent accounting practices of the firm which went unnoticed by the firm’s auditors as well as external agencies. (b) Suppose that you decide to invest $1,308.25 in four equal quarterly instalments, at the same rate of 9.2% p.a. compounding quarterly. The first instalment is invested immediately. What is the accumulated value at the end of one year? The differences between the two investment choices are due to the compounding. In first investment, whole amount is invested whereas in second investment, it is converted into an annuity and is invested with compound interest. The second option yielded higher accumulated value because of the impact of the annuity. (a) Francine wishes to invest in a 5-year corporate bond that pays coupons semi-annually. The bond has a face value of $1 million and pays half-yearly coupons at a rate of 4% p.a. Suppose that her required rate of return on this investment is 6.5% p.a. How much is she willing to pay for this bond? The market price of the bond is higher than the value of the bond at Francine’s required rate of return. Since the bond is selling at discount therefore she should not invest into this bond at this market price. Lamb Limited plans to set aside $28,000 at the end of each year in order to accumulate $100,000

Project Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Management 2 - Essay Example ts should have a MSc degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology or a related field, they should have at least ten years relevant experience in leading technology applications, manage and operation of a research program, They should have knowledge of next generation sequencing strategies and methods working with molecular diagnostics of plants as well as animal pathogens. The one who gets to qualify for the job should also be knowledgeable in the following fields of study namely; application of genomic tools in a wide range of issues, molecular biology methods of research, tools of molecular biology and technology of bioinformatics. Adaptability is necessary for one to get the job. They should be ready to learn and adapt to new technology and methods that will enhance program effectiveness and learning. They will be working in a multicultural multiracial environment and they will be expected to respect and work effectively and efficiently with their colleagues. They should be have the ability to coordinate ,organize and see to completion technical activities of research platforms, they should have excellent people and organizational skills, have a good mastery of English both written and spoken and lastly they ought to be computer

The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease

The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease The structure of the kidney The kidney is surrounded by the renal capsule and split into 3 sections, the medulla, the cortex and then the renal pelvis. Each kidney is supplied with oxygenated blood, by the renal artery and removes deoxygenated blood via the renal vein. Once the kidneys carry out their filtration mechanism, they empty their waste product, down the ureter. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and over a million of these are found within each kidney allowing it to carry out its function. Notice how it spans across the different kidney sections. (i) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is the main filtration of blood occurs in nephrons and this is where the glomerulus and Bowmans capsule interact. (ii) The mesengial cells are found closely associated with the filtration part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and their position links with their role in causing inflammation in glomeruli. (iii) The Podocytes are also found near glomerular capillaries and these may fuse together and influence the filtration of the glomerulus, causing Hodgkins disease. This disease is a type of swelling due to the diversion of accumulating products, which are not filtered and so deposited to other parts of the body. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a type of kidney disease; where by filtration of the blood is disrupted. It is mainly associated with the glomeruli in the kidneys, becoming inflamed (NHS Choices 2009) and there can be different types of the disease which may be proliferative or non-proliferative. The main cause of the disease is not precisely known but, there are many possible explanations. The most common explanation for proliferative GN is due to an immune system response, where inflammatory cells like platelets or macrophages become trapped in the glomeruli (Couser 1999). Here they circulate and accumulate, initiating a mechanism that leads to inflammation of the glomeruli (Couser 1999). This is the mechanism for the most common form of proliferative GN, known as Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (DAmico 1987). This is when IgA proteins, which fight infections, build up within the glomeruli and therefore inflammation (Geeky Medics 2010). Another immune system response involves antibodies interacting with antigens, formed by the glomerular basement membrane, which can also trigger inflammation (Watson and Royle 1987). Another possible explanation for proliferative GN is infection-related, following invasion by bacteria of the Streptoccoci strain (Ryan and Ray 2004), which targets the skin or pharyngeal tissue (Watson and Royle 1987). This results in post-infectious GN which can also be associated with other infections like bacterial endocarditis or HIV (Mayo Clinic 2009). In addition, it is also suggested that vasculitic disorders, like Wegeners Granulomatosis can result in crescentic GN (Geeky Medics 2010) (Figure 4). Crescentic GM In Wegeners Granulomatosis, blood vessels become inflamed, having an effect on the filtration rate of the glomerulus and leads to the formation of crescent shaped scars. Non-proliferative GN can be idiopathic, such as membranous GN, or may just simply be genetically linked like focal segmental GN (Geeky Medics 2010). When looking at GN (mainly proliferative) we need to also consider the mesengial cells (Figure 3, ii). GN can be recognised by an increase in the number of mesengial cells and their intracellular contents (Churg 2006). They rapidly multiply, increasing the thickness of this layer and press against the glomerular capillaries (Churg 2006) (Figure 5). Histology of proliferative GN As the mesengial cells multiply, they increase in number and compress against the glomerular capillary and contribute towards the glomerulus increasing in circumference. Taken from (Churg 2006). In some cases, the mesengial cells may even invade the glomerular capillaries and sit in between the filtration part of the nephron, made up of endothelial cells and the basement membrane (Figure 6) (Churg 2006). Hence, the basement membrane appears split, disrupting renal filtration and therefore resulting in a certain type of GN, known as membranoproliferative GN (Hope et al. 1993). A Normal Glomerular Capillary Proliferation of the mesengial cells leads to invasion between the epithelial cells and the basement membrane, disrupting glomerular filtration and leading to GN. Taken from www.uncnephropathology.org/jennette/ch1.htm The glomerular capillaries are also where proteins from the immune system may be trapped between the basement membrane and the epithelial cells, which accumulate and form humps in the glomerular capillary walls (Churg 2006), resulting in membranous GN (Hope et al. 1993). Specifically in crescentic GN, which is infection related, there is an increase in epithelial cells which compress the glomerulus and causes scars, described as crescent shaped (Malvinder 2008) (Figure 4). However there can be milder forms of GN, with the most common being minimal change GN, caused by the fusion of podocytes (Hope et al. 1993) (Figure 3, iii). When looking at post-infectious GN, we find that it is normally the group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus bacteria which causes infection (Watson and Royle 1987) and brings about acute post-streptococcal GN (APSGN) (Duvuru 2010). The activity of this bacterium is thought to be associated with the accumulation of streptococcal antigens, binding to the immune antibodies, which are then deposited on the glomerulus basement membrane (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 7). APSGN (Arrows show where the antigen-antibody complexes have been deposited.) As the antigen is bound to the antibodies, it prevents the antibodies from inflicting a defence mechanism and leads to modification of the glomerular basement membrane (Field et al. 2010). There are many signs and symptoms associated with GN, which can vary between the different forms of GN, but there are common symptoms that are found in all types. As the glomeruli are obstructed, filtration is reduced and allows for blood to leak into the tubules and therefore this blood passes out into the urine (Watson and Royle 1987). The urine may also be described as cloudy and this is due to proteinuria. This is when excess serum proteins are passed out, in the urine (Nordqvist 2009) due to the impaired filtration mechanism (Field et al. 2010) . This excess serum may also be linked with symptoms of nausea and vomiting, which are also associated with GN (Unanue 2011). The urine may also be described as, haematuria, where red blood cells are lost, triggering anaemia in GN sufferers (Watson and Royle 1987). Another common symptom is swelling, as there is a diversion of accumulating products, which are not filter, to other parts of the body (Hicks 2009). Symptoms related to respira tory problems such, a sore throat or skin rash would be more significant in post-infectious GN due to streptococci bacteria infecting the pharyngeal tissue and the skin (Feldon et al. 2010). Another common symptom is hypertension, caused by salt and water preservation and therefore activation of the renin-angiotensin system (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 8). The Renin-angiotensin (aldosterone) system (RAS) As there is an accumulation of water and salt, the circulating volume also increases and activates RAS. RAS then vasoconstricts blood vessels, causing an increase in blood pressure, which is a symptom of GN. Diagnosis of GN, tends to be via Urinalysis, in order to find the presence of blood and proteins in the urine (Haggerty 2002). Also a blood test can be taken and if there is an accumulation of waste products, such as creatinine or urea-nitrogen then this can indicate GN (Haggerty 2002). The blood can also be checked for anti-streptolysin titre, due to reactions by streptococci bacteria and another indication of GN (Brunner and Suddarth 1990). Otherwise a much simpler swab of the throat could be used to detect the streptococcal infection, which is used widespread (Hicks 2009). A final diagnostic evaluation is by carrying out a renal biopsy in order to view the inflamed glomeruli and accumulation of cells surrounding the glomerular capillaries (Brunner and Suddarth 1990).These tend to be the most common diagnostic procedures but investigations can be made by means of other methods, like in radiology, where a renal ultrasound is used (Hope et al. 1993). Treatments on GN sufferers can range and depends on the type of GN that they suffer from, but the main aim of treatment is to promote kidney function and reduce symptoms of GN (Hicks 2009). By simply getting plenty of rest, until the urine becomes clear and levels of nitrogenous waste products regularize, can encourage the regain of renal function and a reduction of the other symptoms associated with GN (Hope et al. 1993). Another treatment used is by regulating the diet and fluids of the GN sufferer, for example, by placing restrictions on dietary proteins and compensating for fluid loses by drinking plenty of fluids (Hope et al. 1993). It has been predicted that drugs which block the Angiotensin II receptors or ACE inhibitors may be a form of treatment, for reducing the effects of GN, but this is still being investigated (McMillan 2010). As there are different forms of the disease, different drugs may be used to treat each form, for example in GN caused by immune response, corticos teroids or immunosuppressant may be used, but this is not a definite treatment for GN (McMillan 2010). Treatment of vasculitic disorders like Wegeners granulomatosis, can be a form of treatment, which found that plasma exchange can be used to minimise the effects of immune antibodies which lead to the development of GN (Casian 2011). Current novel methods being researched, investigate pathological mechanisms of GN, to possibly produce a drug to reverse this mechanism. One interesting study identified that the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3 was found in the glomeruli and tubules of rats, with GN (Hyodo et al. 2010).They suggest that Kv1.3 targets and restrain memory T cells, which act like an immune response by recognising foreign bodies (Hyodo et al. 2010). After using a Kv1.3 blocker drug, they found that the rats produced less proteinuria and their glomeruli had less scarring (Hyodo et al. 2010). The study concluded that this Kv1.3 could be the cause of GN and could be a useful finding to potentiate a cure for GN in humans, which is still being investigated (Hyodo et al. 2010). Another study suggested that kidney disease may be linked with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are growth factors that are important in the regulation on kidney function (Suh et al. 2011). As they interact with binding sites found in the epithelial cells, this study investigated whether polymorphism of the gene for BMP, may play a role in GN (Suh et al. 2011). The study concluded that mutations in this gene may cause children to become susceptible to IgA nephropathy, which is currently being investigated and could mean a possible treatment mechanism (Suh et al. 2011). One other study investigated the presence of myleoperoxidase-associated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) and anti-glomerular basement antibodies (anti-GBM Ab) as a possible cause of the crescent shaped scars in rapid progressive GN (RPGM), but this is also still being investigated (Nakabayashi et al. 2011). To conclude GM, is a diverse renal disease, which can be acute or chronic in terms of its causes and consequences. The disease is still being thoroughly investigated today as no definite treatment has been found. Word count 1.498

The First Amendment Essay -- essays research papers

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to assemble peacefully, and to petition the Government for e redress of grievances. The first and inargueably the most significant of the amendments to our Constitution is the First Amendment. The amendment that established our freedoms as citizens of our new confederation. The First Amendment insured, among other things, freedom of speech and of the press. Since the establishment of these rights, they have often been in question. People have debated over, "What is too much freedom?", and "When is this freedom not enough?" I believe that these rights were established to protect the people, and as a society, we must try to determine whether they are. One of the major organizations that exercises free speech is the press. The press has coined the phrase, "It is the people's First Amendment right to know." This first example best relates to a situation we have now; that of national crisis. The press has the right to release information to the public, but they must use judgment in what they release. Certain news that they might release could put people in danger, therefore taking away the right of all people to be safe. For many years, the idea of the press telling too much has been made fun of. In popu...

Hip Hop Nationalism

Hip hop is a form of art that has been popular for the past twenty years. Although people in recent years often mistake rap music as vulgar and ill-mannered, the hip hop community continues to provide a great way to channel emotion and soul into their music. In his article, â€Å"The State of Rap: Time and Place† Jeffrey Louis Decker illustrates the black nationalism within the hip hop community by exploring how Black Nationalism can be accounted for within the hip hop music. Before hip hop was introduced into the American culture, the black community felt as if their place of origin was Africa. This was the time where the black community romanticized their own politics (Decker 2008, 54). Garveyism, introduced by Marcus Garvey, sparked the early Black Nationalist movements. During the Black Nationalist movement it promoted an array of black pride which later provided great inspiration for upcoming hip hop artists who â€Å"rapped† to their audience the struggles of the everyday black individual. The styles of artists later became more â€Å"Afrocentric† which meant that the music revolved around expressing self worth. Artist such as Afrika Bambaataa introduced his style of music to the world having his music known as the earliest form of hip hop. As for women, they were interested in promoting the idea that they were from â€Å"Mother Africa†. Women hip hop artist were fascinated by the idea of black women liberation, so most of them started to incorporate those ideas in their verses. There are rap songs that promote the militant â€Å"Nation of Islam† which later became known as the Black Panther Party. As more injustices occur to the black community, hip hop music became a pedestal to voice their opinions. For example, when Rodney King was brutally beat by the LAPD on March 3, 1991 (Decker 2008). The whole Rodney King incident consequently gave Ice Cube inspiration for his album Death Certificate. Hip hop artists are usually not involved in politics but are most strongly involved in the cultural politics which tie to the working and urban poor blacks. Eventually hip hop artists later regarded themselves by the name â€Å"hip hop nationalists†. In the sixties, self proclaimed hip hop nationalist rapper Paris debut his album, The Devil Made Me Do It, which sent a message on how he plans on building the black nation. From his tracks â€Å"Panther Power† to â€Å"The Hate That Hate Made†, Paris made sure that his audience knew he associated with the Black Panther Party. During 1988, hip hop marked a landmark on rap music history ever since MTV promoted their hip hop program called â€Å"Yo, MTV Raps! † and within the same year a hip hop group, Public Enemy, released their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, which gave the black nationalist its first publicized expression for two decades. The multiple times the black community was socially mistreated, hip hop artists continued to voice their opinions. I believe hip hop is great to voice an opinion and promote self worth. Ordeals such as the Rodney King case sparked a huge outrage within the black community. Decker mentions in the article that during the Rodney King trial, the white officers from LAPD have been acquitted by an all-white jury charged for the brutality of Rodney King (Decker 2008, 55). Ice Cube was called in for an interview, yet he declined because of the ties he has made with the black community. Situations such as the Rodney King trail provided a lot of social tension between whites and blacks. Decker claims that many of nation-conscious rappers, like Ice Cube, try to sustain their ties to the black community which their music is a part of. Hip hop artists who rap about Black Nationalism are needed because it uncovers the truth about how whites often mistreat blacks. Rapping is a way to express one's opinion and also give perspective. Rappers such as Paris capture their perspective in their lyrics they have in his album, The Devil Made Me Do It. The music that is promoted by the rappers offer the black population self worth. At the time, the moral of the black population had been at an all time low considering that blacks were most of the time given the shorter end of the stick. Small aspects living became more tiresome to deal with. Being that many of the African descent were slaves, the white population often slandered blacks as if they were animals. However, as hip hop music was introduced, it allowed many black individuals become proud that they were from the â€Å"Nation of Islam†. Mainstream hip hop music often produces music that does not represent what the true intensions of rap music. The style of rap music has made it easy for one to voice their opinions. The art of rap has been around ever since the Black Panther Party decided to utilize black nationalism in their verses. I believe that it was important for the black community to promote hip hop music because it allows one to fully deliver their opinion while at the same time promote self worth. Particularly for the black community, I find it as a great way to inform the youth about the real world injustices their ancestors once lived in. By speaking up, they promoted social equality simply by having the guts to say what is on their mind. By understanding other's point of view, maybe we all can comprehend others in different ethnic groups.